Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review

Hendaus, Mohamed A; Jomha, Fatima A; Alhammadi, Ahmed H

Hendaus et al human-alveolar basal-epithelial cells) during a respiratory viral infection by increasing the expression of ICAM-1. 54 RSV differs from influenza virus in that the former upregulates cellular receptors including CEACAM-1 and ICAM-1, which eventually leads to bacterial infection. 45 Finally, interaction between type I IFNs and Nod1/Nod2 signaling leads to bacterial recognition, but indicts harmful effects in the virally infected host. 55 Another study showed that the rates of bacteremia and OM were 18% and 44%, respectively, in children with viral-induced bronchiolitis. 11 The highest incidence of AOM is usually 2-5 days after an upper respiratory infection. 64, 65 Isolation of viruses alone from sinus aspirates or in concomitance with bacteria proposes the role of viruses in the induction of bacterial sinusitis, 62 with rhinovirus and parainfluenza viruses being the culprits. 66 The rate of bacteremia in children with acute bronchiolitis ranges from 0.2% to 1.4%. [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] In addition, the rate of bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with bronchiolitis can be as high as 11.4%. 67 In a recent study, Hendaus et al 76