Stress, Nutrition, and Intestinal Immune Responses in Pigs — A Review

Lee, In Kyu; Kye, Yoon Chul; Kim, Girak; Kim, Han Wool; Gu, Min Jeong; Umboh, Johnny; Maaruf, Kartini; Kim, Sung Woo; Yun, Cheol-Heui

We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript. (Pearce et al., 2013) Ileum and colon The permeability measured by using TER and FITCdextran transport was increased Serum Endotoxin was increased by more than 3 times 37°C for 6 hrs Ileum Mucin 2 was increased by 0.35 ng/mL at 6 hrs post heat stress Villi height was deceased by 181 μm at 6 hrs post heat stress (Pearce et al., 2014) Colon HSP70 was increased more than twice at 2 hrs post heat stress The permeability measured by TER, FITC-dextran transport was increased at 2 hrs post heat stress Serum LBP was decreased at 2 hrs post heat stress Endotoxin showed the tendency for a linear increase over time Feed deprivation for 24 hrs Jejunum Gene expression of TNF-α was decreased by 4 times (Horn et al., 2014) Serum Cortisol was increased by 14 ng/mL Glycine depletion IPEC-1 Apoptosis was increased by more than 10% Activation of Art and m-TOR was reduced by more than half 180 μg/kg of AF and 900 μg/kg of DON for 33 d Serum WBC increased from 18.4 to 23.4×10 3 ×10 3 /µL TNFα increased from 299 to 335 pg/mL Feed intake reduced from 1.04 to 0.88 kg/d ADG was reduced from 0.52 to 0.41 kg/d (Chaytor et al., 2011) 150 μg/kg of AF and 1,100 μg/kg of DON for 42 d Serum Basophil increased from 0.09 to 0.16×10 3 /µL Monocyte increased from 0.97 to 1.43×10 3 /µL IgG increased from 10.5 to 15.1 mg/mL IgM increased from 3.02 to 4.39 mg/mL (Weaver et al., 2013) 2 μg/mL of DON for 48 hrs IPEC-J2 ZO-1, occludin and claudin-3 were decreased Permeability was increased 2.8 mg of DON/kg feed for 35 d Jejunum Lesion score was increased by 6 times Villi was flattened coincident with decreased villi height Number of goblet cells (3 cells in 1.5 mm 2 ) and lymphocytes (10 cells in 1.5 mm 2 ) were decreased Gene expression of IL-1β (1.78 times), IL-6 (2.17 times), MIP-1β (1.42 times), IL-2 (1.8 times) and IL-12p40 (1.71 times) was increased (Bracarense et al., 2012) Ileum Lesion score was increased by 6 times Gene expression of IL-1β (2 times), TNF-α (1.49 times) and IL-6 (2.13 times) was increased E-cadherin and occludin were decreased by more than half 5.9 mg of FB (4.1 mg FB1 +1.8 mg FB2)/kg feed for 35 d