Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009–2014

Cohen, Adam L.; Sahr, Philip K.; Treurnicht, Florette; Walaza, Sibongile; Groome, Michelle J.; Kahn, Kathleen; Dawood, Halima; Variava, Ebrahim; Tempia, Stefano; Pretorius, Marthi; Moyes, Jocelyn; Olorunju, Steven A. S.; Malope-Kgokong, Babatyi; Kuonza, Lazarus; Wolter, Nicole; von Gottberg, Anne; Madhi, Shabir A.; Venter, Marietjie; Cohen, Cheryl

Calculation of observed incidence and incidence adjusted for AF of PIV-associated SARI hospitalizations was done for 1 study site (CHBAH) where population denominators were available, as described previously [13] . A complete description of the incidence calculation methods can be found in the Supplementary Material. . Of the SARI cases tested for PIV, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were solely type 1, 168 (14.1%) were solely type 2, and 762 (64.1%) were solely type 3. Coinfection with 2 types of PIV occurred in 28 (2.4%) patients: 3 (0.3%) tested positive for both types 1 and 2, 13 (1.1%) for types 1 and 3, and 12 (1.0%) for both 2 and 3. Children <5 years of age were more likely to test positive for PIV (9.2%, 963 of 10 448) than individuals aged ≥5 years (2.8%, 214 of 7737, P < .001). Males were slightly more likely to test positive for PIV (7.1%, 637 of 9018) than females (5.9%, 540 of 9168, P = .001). The SARI patients who died in hospital were less likely to test positive for PIV (4.0%, 29 of 717) than those who did not (6.6%, 1142 of 17316, P = .007). There were no differences in percentage testing positive by race or surveillance site (data not shown).