Compounds with anti-influenza activity: present and future of strategies for the optimal treatment and management of influenza. Part I: influenza life-cycle and currently available drugs

GASPARINI, R.; AMICIZIA, D.; LAI, PL.; BRAGAZZI, NL.; PANATTO, D.

Subsequently, through more than one mechanism, such as that of small proteins capable of passing through the nuclear pores easily, NS1 and NEP/NS2, the RNP complexes can be exported into the cytoplasm. The export machinery is a factory made up of several components: E1B/AP5, Rae1/mRNP41 [132] , NXF1-TAP (Nuclear RNA export factor type 1) [133] , CBC (nuclear cap-binding complex, in particular the 80 kDa subunit), REF/Aly, TREX, P15-INXT, YB-1 (Y-box-binding protein type 1), CRM1/XPO1 (exportin type 1) [169] , Rcc1 (Regulator of chromosome condensation type 1), CHD3 (chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein type 3), RMB15B [170] , RanBP3 [171] , DDX19B, an ATP-dependent RNA helicase [172] , and Hsc70 (heat shock cognate protein 70) [173] among others. Briefly, two main export routes can be described: the NXF1-dependent and the CRM1-dependent pathways. RNPs are exported via CRM1, whilst HA, NA are transported by NXF1. CRM1 pathway includes: Nup88, Nup214, Rcc1, Ran-BP3, CHD3, Hsc70, NS2, among others [174, 175] .